CHARLES COGAN is a senior research associate at Harvard University. A former journalist, and military officer, he spent 37 years in the Central Intelligence Agency, 23 of them on assignments overseas. From mid-1979 to mid-1984 he was Chief of the Near East and South Asia Division in the Directorate of Operations at CIA Headquarters. From 1984 to 1989, he was CIA Chief in Paris. After leaving the CIA, he earned a doctorate in public administration at Harvard, in June 1992. He has lectured and written in English and French, focusing on policy as well as history, dealing primarily with French-American relations, the Middle East, and defense and intelligence issues. His latest book will be published in November 2003 by the United States Institute of Peace. It is entitled French Negotiating Behavior: Dealing with "La Grande Nation."

MICHAEL M. GUNTER is a professor of political science at Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville, Tennessee. He is the author of four critically praised scholarly books on the Kurdish question, the most recent being The Kurds and the Future of Turkey, 1997, and The Kurdish Predicament in Iraq: A Political Analysis, 1999. He has also published numerous scholarly articles on the Kurds in such leading periodicals as the Middle East Journal, Middle East Quarterly, and Orient, among others and is a former Senior Fulbright Lecturer in International Relations in Turkey.

SIGURD HESS served in the Federal German Navy as rear admiral until his retirement in 1998. His staff assignments included the German MOD, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) and Chief of Staff/Deputy Commander of the NATO-Headquarters Baltic Approaches (BALTAP). He is the president of the German Navy Institute and of the German Society for Maritime and Naval History. His areas of research include political science, military and intelligence history, electronic warfare, and information technology.

ANDREAS HILGER works for the Institute of East European History at Cologne University and also teaches at Hamburg University. After completing his dissertation, published as Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in der Sowjetunion, he co-edited two volumes of a Russian-German research project concerning Soviet justice and occupation policy in East Germany. A third volume, Sowjetische Militärtribunale II: Die Verurteilung deutscher Zivilisten 1945 bis 1955, is in print.

FREDERIK (FRITS) HOEKSTRA served from 1966 until 1971 as officer in the Royal Netherlands Airforce Intelligence service before joining the BVD, the Dutch state security service. Until 1979 he mainly served as operational case officer, working with the British MI5 and the joint MI5/MI6 section on the international aspects of the IRA, in operations against the Rote Armee Fraktion, and on the Maoist issue. As head of the Sovbloc counter espionage department, he co-operated with CIA and MI6, mainly on Czech and Cuban cases, and in the 1980s he headed the BVD department responsible for the coordination of the political (and c-) intelligence activities by the police. Relations with CIA were mainly on the issue of communist and/or Soviet influence in the anti-militarist actions against the installation of cruise missile launch bases in the Netherlands. In 1987, he left the BVD.

C. G. MCKAY is the author of From Information to Intrigue: Studies in Secret Service Based on the Swedish Experience 1939-1945 (1993) and co-author (with Bengt Beckman) of Swedish Signal Intelligence 1900-1945 (2003) both published by Frank Cass, London in their Studies in Intelligence Series. He has also contributed a chapter on Swedish work on the Geheimschreiber for a forthcoming book on Colossus, edited by Jack Copeland, to be published by Oxford University Press in 2003.