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CONTRIBUTORS

THOMAS BOGHARDT studied ancient and modern European history at universities in France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and the United Kingdom. He holds an M.A. in history of Freiburg University, and he recently finished his Ph.D. at St. Antony’s College, Oxford University, with a thesis on "German Naval Intelligence and British Counter-Espionage, 1901-1918". He is currently conducting research on German and British intelligence operations in Albania, 1943 – 1945.

RICHARD CUMMINGS is a graduate of Boston University with a B.A. in Soviet and East European Studies. While in the U.S. Air Force in the late 1960s, he studied Russian at Indiana University followed by assignments as a Russian linguist in Berlin and Turkey. In the 1970s, Cummings was a Criminal Investigator for the US Government until October 1980, when he accepted the position of Director of Security for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) in Munich, Germany. He was responsible for security not only at the RFE/RL headquarters building in Munich, but also the transmitting sites in Germany, Spain, and Portugal, and, after the collapse of Communism,  at news bureaus in Moscow and other locations in the former Soviet Union, as well as in Prague, Bucharest, Sofia, Warsaw, and Budapest. After the radios moved on to Prague in the summer 1995, Cummings remained in Munich and for the next three years he was a security consultant for RFE/RL, commuting between Munich and Prague.
He currently works as Director of Security for an international bank and lives in Duesseldorf, Germany. He is the author of a number of articles on intelligence and security.

SIGURD HESS is a retired Rear Admiral of the German Navy. His fields of research include information security and the history of electronic warfare and intelligence. He holds a Ph.D. from the US Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, in Electrical Engineering/Information and Control Systems. During his naval career he commanded FPB Tiger and DDG Mölders and served in the German Ministry of Defence and in NATO staffs.

GERHARD KREBS studied German linguistics, history, and Japanology at Universities in Hamburg, Freiburg/Br., Bonn, and Tokyo. He held teaching positions at universities in Tokyo, Freiburg/Br., Berlin, and he belonged to the staff of research institutes in Tokyo and Potsdam 1990-1998. His research focussing is on the history of modern Japan, particularly on the history of Japanese-German relations. Numerous publications in German, English and Japanese. In 1987, he was awarded the "Japan Prize of the German East Asia Society (OAG)" in Tokyo for his 1982 dissertation "Japans Deutschlandpolitik 1935-1941" (published in 2 volumes Hamburg 1984). Since autumn 2000, he is professor for Japanese Studies at Free University Berlin.

ALESSANDRO MASSIGNANI began studying military history during his  military service between 1973 and 1977, and had the opportunity to help to research and write the history of the 3^rd Bersaglieri Regiment. In the following years, he published several books, among them Alpini e Tedeschi sul Don (Valdagno: Rossato, 1991), with Jack Greene: Rommel’s North Africa Campaign (Combined Books, 1994), Ironclads at War (Combined Publishers, 1998) and The Naval War in the Mediterranean (London: Chatham, 1998), in addition to several articles in magazines and newspapers. He is a member of the Centro Interuniversitario Studi e ricerche storico-militari, the Society for Military History, and the US Naval Institute. He is currently writing for the Historical Office of the Italian Army the history of the Italian Army intelligence during the First World War. Fields of interest are naval and intelligence history.

JÜRGEN SCHMIDT is a former major of the National People’s Army of the GDR. He is living in Oranienburg and works in a security office. He has studied history at the University of Hagen from 1992 to 1997, and his interests are in German and Russian history. He is currently working on a dissertation on German intelligence and counter-intelligence at the eastern frontier from 1890 to 1914.